That is the public domain name for one of your devices public IPv6 GUA address, as generically assigned to that GUA by your ISP. Your debug log confirms that the devices requesting time-dualstack.plumenet.io are located in your network, as they use your network's public GUA IPv6 prefix.
The rest of your questions is not related to Pi-hole nor DNS, but rather to identifying an IP from one of your devices.
Your router may provide a view where it lists all IPv4 and IPv6 addresses of a device from your network, so you may want to check that first.
If it doesn't, you should be able to ping that device's GUA, e.g.
ping6 -c 3 2001-1c08-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-61434.cable.dynamic.v5.ziggo.com
Using the IPv6 from that output, that should allow you to extract the device's MAC address from the neighbourhood table:
sudo ip neigh show dev eth0 | grep 2001:1c08:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:61434
produces something like:
2001:1c08:xxxx:61434 lladdr ab:cd:ef:01:23:45 REACHABLE
That MAC (following lladdr) should allow you to determine the maker of the device or the device's network adapter, which may already help in identifying the device, e.g. by finding the MAC in Pi-hole's Network overview.
Your debug log would suggest that to turn out as Jaesung Information & Communication CO.LTD, and that you have at least two devices (or one device with two network interfaces) of that manufacturer in your network.
You may also use that MAC to trace down the device's IPv4 address:
(substitute MAC as required)
sudo ip neigh show dev eth0 | grep ab:cd:ef:01:23:45
Unrelated to your question, your debug log also suggests that your router would advertise a set of 3 IPv6 addresses as DNS servers in addition to Pi-hole.
This would allow your clients to by-pass Pi-hole via one of those additional DNS servers.
You'd have to find a way to configure your router to stop advertising IPv6 addresses as DNS server, or to advertise only your Pi-hole host machine's IPv6.
You'd have to consult your router's documentation sources on further details for its IPv6 configuration options.
If your router doesn't support configuring IPv6 DNS, you could consider disabling IPv6 altogether, provided you'd not depend on IPv6 for reasons.
If your router doesn't support that either, your IPv6-capable clients will always be able to bypass Pi-hole via IPv6.