How are some websites able to bypass Pi Hole?

This will not work. You can run the DoH client locally on your Pi, as you note, but the only device using that DoH address will be the Pi-Hole. All the network clients query Pi-Hole, which in turn queries your DoH resolver and returns the answer to the client.

If you try to have Firefox query the DoH resolver directly, this bypasses Pi-Hole and you'll be seeing ads again.

Additionally, the 127.0.0.1 IP address is the internal loopback address on the Pi, and is not visible to your Firefox browser.

Correct setup: client > Pi-Hole > DoH server > Pi-Hole > client

Incorrect setup: client > DoH server > client.

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