The curl shows that lighttpd is providing all of the content, headers and information that it is set up to do. So the issue isn't there, Pi-hole is fully functional. (Note the X-Pi-hole header for confirmation.)
I think your issue is with the browser or the underlying OS. Note the very last line of the page display: ERR_UNSAFE_PORT which is Chrome telling you that it is blocking your access to http on port 10080. There's a few options that show up from a quick web search on that error, how you wish to address it is up to you.