When your Pi freezes for no apparent reason:
If you connect a screen, you should see the disk check being performed on screen during boot.
Or at least a mention of it being performed.
If you dont see any boot output on screen at all, the boot sequence didnt get that far yet to do the disk check.
Yes you can.
You can list detected block devices (disks or partitions) plus their mountpoints with below:
$ lsblk -p
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
/dev/mmcblk0 179:0 0 14.8G 0 disk
├─/dev/mmcblk0p1 179:1 0 256M 0 part /boot
└─/dev/mmcblk0p2 179:2 0 14.6G 0 part /
Search on the net how to use the fsck command:
man fsck
EDIT: Dont forget to unmount first (umount) if it shows mounted with the lsblk command!