If the Pi-hole does not have queries in the query log, then it never received them. Check that the docker container has the ports forwarded correctly and the networking set up so it can receive DNS requests.
Indeed are no queries inside the log.
I use the default bridge network and forwarded the ports 53 and 80 (as you can see in my first post).
Do I have to do anything besides that?
If there are no queries in the log, then something is not set up correctly to allow queries to go to Pi-hole. Maybe @diginc will have some ideas, as this sounds like a Docker networking issue.