EDIT: I moved below edit up here because its the most likely candidate for your issue if it shows pinning of the jq package
Maybe you've also got some pinning going on.
Whats output for below?
grep . -R /etc/apt/preferences*
Also the sources.list file is missing the rpi component but is of less importance:
pi@ph5b:~ $ cat /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://raspbian.raspberrypi.org/raspbian/ bullseye main contrib non-free rpi
# Uncomment line below then 'apt-get update' to enable 'apt-get source'
#deb-src http://raspbian.raspberrypi.org/raspbian/ bullseye main contrib non-free rpi
Did you alter the sources.list file in the past or maybe some extra software installed that did this?
If not, that could be an indicator for a corrupted file.
Can you try run below one first and see if it runs without errors or warnings?
sudo apt update
If it runs without errors, what does below one show after?
apt policy jq
And what does below one show?
file /etc/apt/sources.list
And because its a Pi, could you check below?